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A key takeaway from the session was that immune-cell abundance alone is insufficient to explain tumour behaviour, as organised immune neighbourhoods involving macrophages, T cells, stromal cells and tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) influence immune activation and resistance. Spatial patterns, including immune exclusion and suppressive niches, may help explain why some tumours evade immune responses. In colorectal cancer (CRC), the invasive margin was highlighted as a particularly informative region that may reveal where immunity is either blocked or effectively engaged.

The session concluded with an engaging Q&A discussion, reflecting strong interest from participants. Appreciation is extended to Dr. Adzimah for her informative sharing and to all attendees for their active participation and insightful questions.